I am not a doctor but there is one thing I am--A damn good researcher. Aspartame has been proven in animal research to cause tumors in the brains of rats and mice. If you research it further you can find out some really scary information...drink your diet cokes, people. It is amazing what you can learn in this world if you spend your free time studying and researching instead of sitting in front of the idiot box. Do your own research and study the things you put into your body, it is after all, your temple.
Summary of Aspartame Methanol/Formaldehyde Toxicity
- "These are indeed extremely high levels for adducts of formaldehyde, a substance responsible for chronic deleterious effects that has also been considered carcinogenic.
....
"It is concluded that aspartame consumption may constitute a hazard because of its contribution to the formation of formaldehyde adducts." (Trocho 1998)
Methanol from aspartame is released in the small intestine when the methyl group of aspartame encounters the enzyme chymotrypsin (Stegink 1984, page 143). A relatively small amount of aspartame (e.g., one can of soda ingested by a child) can significantly increase plasma methanol levels (Davoli 1986a).
Clinically, chronic, low-level exposure to methanol has been seen to cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, ear buzzing, GI distiurbances, weakness, vertigo, chills, memory lapses, numbness & shooting pains, behavioral disturbances, neuritis, misty vision, vision tunneling, blurring of vision, conjunctivitis, insomnia, vision loss, depression, heart problems (including disease of the heart muscle), and pancreatic inflammation (Kavet 1990, Monte 1984, Posner 1975).
The methanol from aspartame is converted to formaldehyde and then formic acid (DHHS 1993, Liesivuori 1991), although some of the formaldehyde appears to accumulate in the body as discussed above. Chronic formaldehyde exposure at very low doses has been shown to cause immune system and nervous system changes and damage as well as headaches, general poor health, irreversible genetic damage, and a number of other serious health problems (Fujimaki 1992, He 1998, John 1994, Liu 1993, Main 1983, Molhave 1986, National Research Council 1981, Shaham 1996, Srivastava 1992, Vojdani 1992, Wantke 1996). One experiment (Wantke 1996) showed that chronic exposure to formaldehyde caused systemic health problems (i.e., poor health) in children at an air concentration of only 0.043 - 0.070 parts per million!
Obviously, chronic exposure to an extremely small amount of formaldehyde is to be avoided. Even if formaldehyde adducts did not build up in the body from aspartame use, the regular exposure to excess levels of formaldehyde would still be a major concern to independent scientists and physicians familiar with the aspartame toxicity issue.
In addition to chronic formaldehyde poisoning, the excitotoxic amino acid derived from aspartame will almost certainly worsen the damage caused by the formladehyde. Synergistic effects from aspartame metabolites are rarely, if ever, mentioned by the manufacturer. Aspartame breaks down into a free-form (unbound to protein) excitotoxic amino acid which is quickly-absorbed (as long as it is not given in slow-dissolving capsules) and can raise the blood plasma levels of this excitotoxin (Stegink 1987). It is well known that free-form excitotoxins can cause irreversible damage to brain cells (in areas such as the retina, hypothalamus, etc.) in rodents and primates (Olney 1972, Olney 1980, Blaylock 1994, Lipton 1994). In order to remove excess, cell-destroying excitotoxic amino acids from extracellular space, glial cells surround the neuron and supply them with energy (Blaylock 1994, page 39, Lipton 1994). This takes large amounts of ATP. However, formate, a formaldehyde metabolite, is an ATP inhibitor (Liesivuori 1991). Eells (1996b) points out that excitatory amino acid toxicity may be the "mediators of retinal damage secondary to formate induced energy depletion in methanol-intoxication." The synergistic effects from the combination of a chronic formaldehyde exposure from aspartame along with a free-form excitotoxic amino acid is extremely worrisome.
It appears that methanol is converted to formate in the eye (Eells 1996a, Garner 1995, Kini 1961). Eells (1996a) showed that chronic, low-level methanol exposure in rats led to formate accumulation in the retina of the eye.
Alex, I admire your effort to understand this issue, but you are listening to misguided people, who really don't know anything about aspartame, biology, or toxicology. They blame aspartame for ills perceived twenty years ago, but which were in reality endemic personal issues most generally related to folate deficiency. Realize that by 1998 this folate deficiency issue was so bad that mandatory folate fortification of cereal grains was undertaken in the USA, Canada, and Chile to reduce birth defects in human babies (www.cfp.ca/cgi/reprint/54/1/36; www.cfp.ca/cgi/reprint/54/11/1545). That second paper lists just some of the cancers thought to associate with folate issues; it neglects cancers and other diseases linked to folate related processing issues.
ReplyDeleteAspartame, through its hydrolysis to its methanol constituent, generates low doses of formaldehyde and formic acid. At these doses these substances are not toxic, but in fact are critical for proper function. They are required by folate and related enzymes (along with cofactors like vitamin B12) to make methyl groups. These methyl groups convert the DNA base uracil to thymine (methyluracil). Its incorporation into DNA in place of uracil reduces both DNA strand fragility and broken DNA that can cause cancer. Those groups also methylate and detoxify a true excitotoxin, homocysteine, to form vital methionine (S-methylhomocysteine). This is required for many other detoxifications, including direct DNA methylation that serves to silence that DNA from being expressed at the wrong time. Thus a low, steady intake of food-borne methanol is absolutely required to prevent cancer and disease (cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/14/12/2999, figure page 3000). Aspartame is not an issue, because there is more methanol in many fruit juices than in aspartame drinks.
The fact is that aspartame is perfectly safe used as directed; no regulatory authority in the Western world disagrees. Given that and 20+ years of safe use by a very large part of the population, my examination of the issue has found nothing in all the aspartame literature [both pro and con] that cannot be explained by one simple, alternate paradigm. That is, ALL issues with aspartame arise, not from any aspartame safety issue, but from heightened PERSONAL sensitivities in just some users caused by a deficiency of the vitamin folic acid (folate deficiency is not uncommon and is still a big cause of birth and other defects), by genetic folate enzyme differences (called polymorphisms that require more folate for the same function; up to 40% of certain populations), by related methyl cycle issues like low B12 (not uncommon), by high homocysteine (not uncommon), by ethanol abuse (a potent folate enzyme inhibitor, linked to 'fetal alcohol syndrome' birth defects), and by still other related issues possibly including childhood insect stings that might make a person frankly allergic (see www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20199453). Folate deficiency and these related issues have been linked to many different diseases, including depression (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17353937; geriatric depression that can lead to suicide, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18852559), and many cancers (www.cfp.ca/cgi/reprint/54/11/1545). In fact breast cancers linked to folate deficiency issues may be more important than some BRC genetic issues (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16162645). The lupus issue seems more connected to the B12 side of this personal sensitivity problem than the folate side (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12720045). Amongst claimed complaints I have found no exceptions to this paradigm. But more importantly, no aspartame critic can show me an aspartame-sensitive person that has even been checked for one of these issues. But the point here is that even if susceptible people don’t use aspartame, they are still at risk from the issues raised.
John E. Garst, Ph.D. (Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Nutrition)